Which international agreement focuses on controlling and reducing greenhouse gas emissions after the Earth Summit of 1992?

• A. Madrid Protocol
• B. Montreal Protocol
• C. Kyoto Protocol
• D. Paris Convention

Answer: (C)

After the Earth Summit, international climate efforts aimed to move from broad frameworks to concrete limits on emissions. The Kyoto Protocol fits this aim by establishing legally binding greenhouse gas reduction targets for developed countries under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. It operationalized the framework with specific targets and mechanisms to track and reduce emissions, making it the clear focus for binding emission reductions in that era.

Other agreements address different issues: the Madrid Protocol protects the Antarctic environment, the Montreal Protocol targets ozone-depleting substances, and the Paris Convention deals with intellectual property. A later treaty, the Paris Agreement, uses voluntary national contributions rather than fixed targets, but the Kyoto Protocol is the treaty most directly about binding emission reductions established after the Earth Summit.